INVESTIGATING THE EFFICACY OF VACCINATION PROGRAMS FOR PREVENTING FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE IN CATTLE: A MEDICAL PERSPECTIVE

Aftab Ahmed; Mukhtar Ahmad; Muhammad Umer Farooq

doi:10.64038/eatf.01.2025.18

Authors

Aftab Ahmed Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan 29050 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan Author
Mukhtar Ahmad Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan 29050 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan Author
Muhammad Umer Farooq Livestock & Dairy Development (Extension) Department, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan Author

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.64038/eatf.01.2025.18

Keywords:

Foot And Mouth Disease, Mrna Vaccines, Cattle Immunization, Vaccine Delivery Systems, Lipid Nanoparticles, Veterinary Public Health

Abstract

Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) continues to pose a significant threat to global cattle populations, necessitating innovative vaccination strategies to enhance disease control and prevention. This study evaluates the efficacy of various FMD vaccination programs from a medical perspective, with a particular focus on emerging technologies such as mRNA-based vaccines. Through systematic secondary research involving peer-reviewed publications, field trial data, and digital health monitoring systems, we compared conventional (inactivated, live-attenuated, recombinant) and advanced vaccine platforms (mRNA, microneedles, intranasal, nanoparticle-based). The results indicate that mRNA vaccines outperform traditional vaccines in protection rate (94%), duration of immunity (up to 12 months), and immunogenicity, including higher neutralizing antibody titers and enhanced T-cell responses. . Technological advancement in delivery systems such as the lipid nanoparticles enhanced on stability of the vaccines, as well as facilitated intracellular delivery which poses challenges to the use of mRNA technology. Also, new platforms such as the microneedle patches and AI in vaccine design also indicated enhanced compliance levels, decreased costs and increased immunogenic responses. Sub according to the regional statistics the cold chain compliance, digital monitoring system, and trained workforce for vaccine distribution also affect the coverage rates in and out of erstwhile endemic countries. Digital technology and AI solutions enhanced the overall efficiency of vaccination by tracking the process in real time and forecast for the result. In sum, based on the preliminary results of mRNA vaccines, advanced delivery platforms, and digital health integration, this work highlights that mRNA vaccines are a new model of veterinary medicine that is feasible, safe, and highly effective to control FMD in cattle populations.